适者生存是如何发挥作用的？ 2011-07-11
What’s Survival of Fittest and how it works? E.g. what’s the definition of the fittest? Is it part of the natural selection process? Is it a random process? Does it means only the fittest could survive? What’s the position and influence from human being towards survival of fittest?
什么是适者生活理论，它又是如何发挥作用的呢？例如“适者”的定义是什么？适者生活是物竞天择过程中的一部分吗？它是一个随机偶然的过程吗？它是否意味着只有“适者”才能生活下来？人类对于适者生活理论的定位和影响有哪些？
Survival of the fittest relates to an individual’s ability to pass on its genes to the next generation. Correspondingly the fittest individual can be defined as “the one that produces the most grandchildren”. The phrase “survival of the fittest” is often misused as it does not necessarily relate to physical fitness or strength in any sense. It is determined by how well an individual’s particular attributes allow it to survive and mate in its local environment. Therefore an individual may be fit in one environment but not another.
适者生活理论与某个体向下一代传递基因的能力有关。相应地，“适者”可以被界定为“繁殖了最多后代子孙”的个体。“适者生活”这种说法经常被误用，因为生活下来的并不肯定是那些身体最棒、力量最强的个体。某个个体的特定属性能够在多大程度上促进它在所处环境中的生活和交配，这一点起着决定作用。因此某个个体可能顺应某一种环境，而对另一种环境则不顺应。
Survival of the fittest is an important part of natural selection and thus evolution because over successive generations it can lead to changes in the gene pool which may in turn lead to changes in the overall attributes of a population. These changes may be enough to make the population incapable of breeding with individuals of other populations of the original species, ultimately leading to development of a new species. It is particularly powerful in small populations geographically isolated from other populations of the same species.
适者生活是物竞天择乃至生物进化过程中很重要的一部分，因为经过一代又一代的发展，它可以导致基因库发生变化，进而使得某一群体的整体属性发生改变。这些变化可能足以使得这一群体无法与原始物种衍生的其他群体进行繁殖，最终带来一个新物种的产生。这对于那些在地理上与同一物种下的其他群体隔离生活的小群体来说作用尤其强盛。
Humans certainly do influence the fitness of individual animals. They can influence it directly by determining which animals breed and which do not. This is referred to as “artificial selection” and is evident in domestic dogs, pigeons and many farm animals. Humans can also affect the fitness of individual animals indirectly by changing or destroying an animal’s natural environment. A particularly detrimental effect is in the widespread use of antibiotics leading to the development of more and more drug resistant strains of bacteria.人类当然也对个体动物的顺应性带来了影响。人类可以通过决定让哪些动物繁殖以及让哪些动物不繁殖直接施加影响。这被称之为“人工选择”，这在家养犬、鸽子以及很多农场动物中尤为明显。人类还可以通过改变或者破坏某一动物的自然生活环境，间接影响个体动物的顺应性。抗生素的广泛运用，导致出现了越来越多的抗药物细菌品系，这是一个尤为负面的“人工选择”所带来的结果。
马克·琼斯博士作者简介：
Marc is currently a BBSRC postdoctoral researcher at UCL, University College London, UK. His research focuses mainly on skull mechanics and feeding apparatus in reptiles such as the New Zealandtuatara (Sphenodon). However, he has a wide variety of interests including the evolution and diversification of modern amphibians such as frogs, statistical shape analysis, the biogeography of southern continents, and imaging specimen data. As well as carrying out research Marc occasionally teaches zoology and human anatomy. In his spare time he enjoys films, art galleries and life drawing. He is a native Welsh speaker. See: http://www.cdb.ucl.ac.uk/research/evans/jones.shtml
马克博士目前作为一名生物工程与生物学研究协会（BBSRC）研究员工作于英国伦敦大学学院。他的研究领域主要集中于头骨力学以及爬行动物的进食方式，例如新西兰大鳄蜥。同时，他对于其他近现代的两栖动物的进化研究也有着浓厚的爱好，包括青蛙，统计形状分析，南部大陆生物地理学，数据和图像标本等等。马克博士在从事研究工作的同时也在伦敦大学学院担任临时客座动物学与人体解剖学讲师。在业务工夫里，马克博士喜欢电影，艺术博物馆以及绘画。同时，他可以讲一口地道的威尔士语。希望更多的了解马克博士以及他的工作可以访问：http://www.cdb.ucl.ac.uk/research/evans/jones.shtml (本文来源：网易探索 )
相关知识
适者生存是如何发挥作用的？
物竞天择是如何发挥作用的？
浴室返潮易脏，梦想改造家里是如何爆改的？
与众不同！索仕顿智能锁的高颜值是如何炼成的？
安心厨电，品质是如何炼成的？
见证：“有态度的金牌品质”是如何炼成的？
自测：十二星座在家是如何被虐的？
涨姿势：“中国好爸爸”是如何炼成的？
大品牌是如何炼成的？箭牌卫浴告诉你！
问鼎德国设计大奖居元素雅韵水杯是如何征服众人的？
